2017年7月17日月曜日

学習環境

数学読本〈5〉微分法の応用/積分法/積分法の応用/行列と行列式(松坂 和夫(著)、岩波書店)の第18章(曲線の性質、最大・最小 - 微分法の応用)、18.5(関数の近似、テイラーの定理)、1次の近似式、問55、56.を取り組んでみる。


  1. 正方形の面積をS、一辺の長さをaとする。

    S= a 2

    はじめの正方形の面積を S 0 、一辺の長さを a 0 、一辺の長さが a 0 から Δa に変化したときの面積の変化を ΔS とする。

    ΔS [ dS da ] a= a 0 ·Δa=2 a 0 Δa ΔS S 0 2Δa a 0 Δa a 0 =0.01 ΔS S 0 =2·0.01=0.02

    よって面積はおよそ2%増す。

    体積の場合も同様に考える。

    V= a 3 ΔV [ dV da ] a= a 0 ·Δa=3 a 0 2 Δa ΔV V 0 3 a 0 2 Δa a 0 3 = 3Δa a 0 Δa a 0 =0.01 ΔV V 0 3·0.01=3

    体積は3%増す。


  2. T=2π l 980 = 2π 14 l 5 = π 7 5 l 1 2 ΔT [ ΔT Δl ] l=20 ·1 = π 7 5 · 1 2 20 1 2 = π 14 5·20 = π 140 0.022

    およそ0.022秒。

コード(Emacs)

Python 3

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from sympy import pprint, symbols, pi, sqrt, Rational, Derivative

print('55.')
a = symbols('a')
s = lambda x: x * x

s0 = s(a)
s1 = s(a * 1.01)
print(s1 / s0)

v = lambda x: x * x * x
v0 = v(a)
v1 = v(a * 1.01)
print(v1 / v0)

print('56.')

t = lambda l: 2 * pi * sqrt(l / 980)
t0 = t(20)
t1 = t(21)
d = t1 - t0
pprint(d)
print(float(d))

入出力結果(Terminal, IPython)

$ ./sample55.py
55.
1.02010000000000
1.03030100000000
56.
0.00705573617027427⋅π
0.02216624891820144
$

HTML5

<div id="graph0"></div>
<pre id="output0"></pre>
<label for="r0">r = </label>
<input id="r0" type="number" min="0" value="0.5">
<label for="dx">dx = </label>
<input id="dx" type="number" min="0" step="0.0001" value="0.001">
<br>
<label for="x1">x1 = </label>
<input id="x1" type="number" value="0">
<label for="x2">x2 = </label>
<input id="x2" type="number" value="50">
<br>
<label for="y1">y1 = </label>
<input id="y1" type="number" value="0">
<label for="y2">y2 = </label>
<input id="y2" type="number" value="1.5">
<br>
<label for="dx0">dx0 = </label>
<input id="dx0" type="number" value="1">

<button id="draw0">draw</button>
<button id="clear0">clear</button>

<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/d3/4.2.6/d3.min.js" integrity="sha256-5idA201uSwHAROtCops7codXJ0vja+6wbBrZdQ6ETQc=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>

<script src="sample55.js"></script>    
 

JavaScript

let div0 = document.querySelector('#graph0'),
    pre0 = document.querySelector('#output0'),
    width = 600,
    height = 600,
    padding = 50,
    btn0 = document.querySelector('#draw0'),
    btn1 = document.querySelector('#clear0'),
    input_r = document.querySelector('#r0'),
    input_dx = document.querySelector('#dx'),
    input_x1 = document.querySelector('#x1'),
    input_x2 = document.querySelector('#x2'),
    input_y1 = document.querySelector('#y1'),
    input_y2 = document.querySelector('#y2'),
    input_dx0 = document.querySelector('#dx0'),
    inputs = [input_r, input_dx, input_x1, input_x2, input_y1, input_y2,
             input_dx0],
    p = (x) => pre0.textContent += x + '\n',
    range = (start, end, step=1) => {
        let res = [];
        for (let i = start; i < end; i += step) {
            res.push(i);
        }
        return res;
    };

let f = (x) => 2 * Math.PI * Math.sqrt(x / 980),
    f1 = (x) => Math.PI / (7 * Math.sqrt(5)) * 1 / 2 * 1 / Math.sqrt(x),
    g = (x0) => (x) => f1(x0) * (x - x0) + f(x0);

let draw = () => {
    pre0.textContent = '';

    let r = parseFloat(input_r.value),
        dx = parseFloat(input_dx.value),
        x1 = parseFloat(input_x1.value),
        x2 = parseFloat(input_x2.value),
        y1 = parseFloat(input_y1.value),
        y2 = parseFloat(input_y2.value),
        dx0 = parseFloat(input_dx0.value);

    if (r === 0 || dx === 0 || x1 > x2 || y1 > y2) {
        return;
    }
    
    let points = [],
        lines = [],
        fns = [[f, 'green']],
        fns1 = [],
        fns2 = [[g, 'orange']];

    fns.forEach((o) => {
        let [fn, color] = o;
        for (let x = x1; x <= x2; x += dx) {
            let y = fn(x);

            if (Math.abs(y) < Infinity) {
                points.push([x, y, color]);
            }
        }
    });
    fns1.forEach((o) => {
        let [fn, color] = o;
        
        lines.push([x1, fn(x1), x2, fn(x2), color]);
    });
    fns2.forEach((o) => {
        let [fn, color] = o;

        for (let x = x1; x <= x2; x += dx0) {
            let g = fn(x);
            
            lines.push([x1, g(x1), x2, g(x2), color]);
        }        
    });
    let xscale = d3.scaleLinear()
        .domain([x1, x2])
        .range([padding, width - padding]);
    let yscale = d3.scaleLinear()
        .domain([y1, y2])
        .range([height - padding, padding]);

    let xaxis = d3.axisBottom().scale(xscale);
    let yaxis = d3.axisLeft().scale(yscale);
    div0.innerHTML = '';
    let svg = d3.select('#graph0')
        .append('svg')
        .attr('width', width)
        .attr('height', height);

    svg.selectAll('line')
        .data([[x1, 0, x2, 0], [0, y1, 0, y2]].concat(lines))
        .enter()
        .append('line')
        .attr('x1', (d) => xscale(d[0]))
        .attr('y1', (d) => yscale(d[1]))
        .attr('x2', (d) => xscale(d[2]))
        .attr('y2', (d) => yscale(d[3]))
        .attr('stroke', (d) => d[4] || 'black');
    
    svg.selectAll('circle')
        .data(points)
        .enter()
        .append('circle')
        .attr('cx', (d) => xscale(d[0]))
        .attr('cy', (d) => yscale(d[1]))
        .attr('r', r)
        .attr('fill', (d) => d[2] || 'green');
    
    svg.append('g')
        .attr('transform', `translate(0, ${height - padding})`)
        .call(xaxis);

    svg.append('g')
        .attr('transform', `translate(${padding}, 0)`)
        .call(yaxis);

    [fns, fns1, fns2].forEach((fs) => p(fs.join('\n')));
};

inputs.forEach((input) => input.onchange = draw);
btn0.onclick = draw;
btn1.onclick = () => pre0.textContent = '';
draw();








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