数学 - Python - JavaScript - 基本理論(Basic Theory) - 微分(Differentiation) - 冪関数の微分(指数の拡張)(合成関数、逆関数の微分法)

オイラーの贈物

学習環境

• Surface 3 (4G LTE)、Surface 3 タイプ カバー、Surface ペン(端末)
• Windows 10 Pro (OS)
• 数式入力ソフト(TeX, MathML): MathType
• MathML対応ブラウザ: Firefox、Safari
• MathML非対応ブラウザ(Internet Explorer, Microsoft Edge, Google Chrome...)用JavaScript Library: MathJax
• 参考書籍
  • Pythonからはじめる数学入門
  • JavaScriptリファレンス 第6版
  • インタラクティブ・データビジュアライゼーション

オイラーの贈物―人類の至宝eiπ=-1を学ぶ (吉田 武(著)、東海大学出版会)の第Ⅰ部(基礎理論(Basic Theory))、3章(微分(Differentiation))、3.6(冪関数の微分(指数の拡張))、問題3.を取り組んでみる。

3. 1. 
      $\begin{array}{l}\frac{dy}{du}·\frac{du}{dx}\\ =-u^{-2}·a\\ =-a\left(ax+b\right)\end{array}$
   2. 
      $\begin{array}{l}\frac{dy}{du}·\frac{du}{dx}\\ =\frac{1}{2}{u}^{-\frac{1}{2}}·a\\ =\frac{a}{2\sqrt{ax+b}}\end{array}$
   3. 
      $\begin{array}{l}{y}^2=x\\ \frac{dy}{dx}\\ =\frac{1}{\frac{dx}{dy}}\\ =\frac{1}{2y}\\ =\frac{1}{2\sqrt{x}}\end{array}$

コード(Emacs)

Python 3

#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

from sympy import pprint, symbols, sqrt, Derivative, plot

print('3.')
x, a, b = symbols('x a b')
fs = [(a * x + b) ** -1,
      sqrt(a * x + b),
      sqrt(x)]

for i, f in enumerate(fs, 1):
    print(f'({i})')
    d = Derivative(f, x, 1)
    f1 = d.doit()
    for o in [d, f1]:
        pprint(o)

    try:
        p = plot(f, show=False, legend=True)
        p.save(f'sample3_{i}.svg')
    except Exception as err:
        print(type(err), err)
    print()

入出力結果(Terminal, IPython)

$ ./sample3.py
3.
(1)
∂ ⎛   1   ⎞
──⎜───────⎟
∂x⎝a⋅x + b⎠
   -a     
──────────
         2
(a⋅x + b) 
<class 'ValueError'> The same variable should be used in all univariate expressions being plotted.

(2)
∂ ⎛  _________⎞
──⎝╲╱ a⋅x + b ⎠
∂x             
      a      
─────────────
    _________
2⋅╲╱ a⋅x + b 
<class 'ValueError'> The same variable should be used in all univariate expressions being plotted.

(3)
d     
──(√x)
dx    
 1  
────
2⋅√x

$

HTML5

<div id="graph0"></div>
<pre id="output0"></pre>
<label for="r0">r = </label>
<input id="r0" type="number" min="0" value="0.5">
<label for="dx">dx = </label>
<input id="dx" type="number" min="0" step="0.0001" value="0.001">
<br>
<label for="x1">x1 = </label>
<input id="x1" type="number" value="-5">
<label for="x2">x2 = </label>
<input id="x2" type="number" value="5">
<br>
<label for="y1">y1 = </label>
<input id="y1" type="number" value="-5">
<label for="y2">y2 = </label>
<input id="y2" type="number" value="5">
<br>
<label for="a0">a = </label>
<input id="a0" type="number" value="2">
<label for="b0">b = </label>
<input id="b0" type="number" value="3">

<button id="draw0">draw</button>
<button id="clear0">clear</button>

<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/d3/4.2.6/d3.min.js" integrity="sha256-5idA201uSwHAROtCops7codXJ0vja+6wbBrZdQ6ETQc=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>

<script src="sample3.js"></script>    

JavaScript

let div0 = document.querySelector('#graph0'),
    pre0 = document.querySelector('#output0'),
    width = 600,
    height = 600,
    padding = 50,
    btn0 = document.querySelector('#draw0'),
    btn1 = document.querySelector('#clear0'),
    input_r = document.querySelector('#r0'),
    input_dx = document.querySelector('#dx'),
    input_x1 = document.querySelector('#x1'),
    input_x2 = document.querySelector('#x2'),
    input_y1 = document.querySelector('#y1'),
    input_y2 = document.querySelector('#y2'),
    input_a0 = document.querySelector('#a0'),
    input_b0 = document.querySelector('#b0'),
    inputs = [input_r, input_dx, input_x1, input_x2, input_y1, input_y2,
              input_a0, input_b0],
    p = (x) => pre0.textContent += x + '\n',
    range = (start, end, step=1) => {
        let res = [];
        for (let i = start; i < end; i += step) {
            res.push(i);
        }
        return res;
    };

let draw = () => {
    pre0.textContent = '';

    let r = parseFloat(input_r.value),
        dx = parseFloat(input_dx.value),
        x1 = parseFloat(input_x1.value),
        x2 = parseFloat(input_x2.value),
        y1 = parseFloat(input_y1.value),
        y2 = parseFloat(input_y2.value),
        a0 = parseFloat(input_a0.value),
        b0 = parseFloat(input_b0.value);

    if (r === 0 || dx === 0 || x1 > x2 || y1 > y2) {
        return;
    }    

    let points = [],
        lines = [],
        f1 = (x) => (a0 * x + b0) ** (-1),
        f2 = (x) => Math.sqrt(a0 * x + b0),
        fns = [[f1, 'green'],
               [f2, 'orange']],
        fns1 = [],
        fns2 = [];

    fns
        .forEach((o) => {
            let [f, color] = o;
            for (let x = x1; x <= x2; x += dx) {
                let y = f(x);

                if (Math.abs(y) < Infinity) {
                    points.push([x, y, color]);
                }
            }
        });                 

    fns2
        .forEach((o) => {
            let [f, color] = o;

            for (let x = x1; x <= x2; x += dx0) {
                let g = f(x);
                lines.push([x1, g(x1), x2, g(x2), color]);
            }
        });
    
    let xscale = d3.scaleLinear()
        .domain([x1, x2])
        .range([padding, width - padding]);
    let yscale = d3.scaleLinear()
        .domain([y1, y2])
        .range([height - padding, padding]);

    let xaxis = d3.axisBottom().scale(xscale);
    let yaxis = d3.axisLeft().scale(yscale);
    div0.innerHTML = '';
    let svg = d3.select('#graph0')
        .append('svg')
        .attr('width', width)
        .attr('height', height);

    svg.selectAll('line')
        .data([[x1, 0, x2, 0], [0, y1, 0, y2]].concat(lines))
        .enter()
        .append('line')
        .attr('x1', (d) => xscale(d[0]))
        .attr('y1', (d) => yscale(d[1]))
        .attr('x2', (d) => xscale(d[2]))
        .attr('y2', (d) => yscale(d[3]))
        .attr('stroke', (d) => d[4] || 'black');

    svg.selectAll('circle')
        .data(points)
        .enter()
        .append('circle')
        .attr('cx', (d) => xscale(d[0]))
        .attr('cy', (d) => yscale(d[1]))
        .attr('r', r)
        .attr('fill', (d) => d[2] || 'green');

    svg.append('g')
        .attr('transform', `translate(0, ${height - padding})`)
        .call(xaxis);

    svg.append('g')
        .attr('transform', `translate(${padding}, 0)`)
        .call(yaxis);

    [fns, fns1, fns2].forEach((fs) => p(fs.join('\n')));
};

inputs.forEach((input) => input.onchange = draw);
btn0.onclick = draw;
btn1.onclick = () => pre0.textContent = '';
draw();

r = dx =
x1 = x2 =
y1 = y2 =
a = b =