数学 - Python - JavaScript - 解析学 - 積分 - 積分の計算 - 三角関数に関する積分(加法定理、正弦、余弦、不定積分)

解析入門 原書第3版
原著

学習環境

• Surface Go、タイプ カバー、Surfaceペン(端末)
• Windows 10 Pro (OS)
• Nebo(Windows アプリ)
• iPad Pro + Apple Pencil
• MyScript Nebo(iPad アプリ(iOS))
• 参考書籍
  • Pythonからはじめる数学入門
  • JavaScriptリファレンス 第6版
  • インタラクティブ・データビジュアライゼーション

解析入門 原書第3版 (S.ラング(著)、松坂 和夫(翻訳)、片山 孝次(翻訳)、岩波書店)の第3部(積分)、第11章(積分の計算)、補充問題(三角関数に関する積分)4.を取り組んでみる。

4. 
   
   $\begin{array}{}\int \; <!--\; integral\; -->\frac{1}{1-\cos x}\mathrm{dx}\\ =\int \; <!--\; integral\; -->\frac{1}{\cos \left(\frac{x}{2}-\frac{x}{2}\right)-\cos \left(\frac{x}{2}+\frac{x}{2}\right)}\mathrm{dx}\\ =\int \; <!--\; integral\; -->\frac{1}{\left({\cos }^2\frac{x}{2}+{\sin }^2\frac{x}{2}\right)-\left({\cos }^2\frac{x}{2}-{\sin }^2\frac{x}{2}\right)}\mathrm{dx}\\ =\int \; <!--\; integral\; -->\frac{1}{2{\sin }^2\frac{x}{2}}\mathrm{dx}\\ =\frac{1}{2}\int \; <!--\; integral\; -->\frac{{\sin }^2\frac{x}{2}+{\cos }^2\frac{x}{2}}{{\sin }^2\frac{x}{2}}\mathrm{dx}\\ =-\frac{\cos \frac{x}{2}}{\sin \frac{x}{2}}\\ =-\frac{1}{\tan \frac{x}{2}}\end{array}$

コード(Emacs)

Python 3

#!/usr/bin/env python3
from sympy import pprint, symbols, Integral, plot, cos

print('4.')

x = symbols('x')
f = 1 / (1 - cos(x))
I = Integral(f, x)
for t in [I, I.doit()]:
    pprint(t)
    print()

p = plot(f, I.doit(), legend=True, show=False)
colors = ['red', 'green']
for i, color in enumerate(colors):
    p[i].line_color = color
p.save('sample4.svg')

入出力結果(Terminal, Jupyter(IPython))

$ ./sample4.py
4.
⌠               
⎮      1        
⎮ ─────────── dx
⎮ -cos(x) + 1   
⌡               

 -1   
──────
   ⎛x⎞
tan⎜─⎟
   ⎝2⎠

$

HTML5

<div id="graph0"></div>
<pre id="output0"></pre>
<label for="r0">r = </label>
<input id="r0" type="number" min="0" value="0.5">
<label for="dx">dx = </label>
<input id="dx" type="number" min="0" step="0.001" value="0.001">
<br>
<label for="x1">x1 = </label>
<input id="x1" type="number" value="-5">
<label for="x2">x2 = </label>
<input id="x2" type="number" value="5">
<br>
<label for="y1">y1 = </label>
<input id="y1" type="number" value="-5">
<label for="y2">y2 = </label>
<input id="y2" type="number" value="5">

<button id="draw0">draw</button>
<button id="clear0">clear</button>

<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/d3/4.2.6/d3.min.js" integrity="sha256-5idA201uSwHAROtCops7codXJ0vja+6wbBrZdQ6ETQc=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>

<script src="sample4.js"></script>

JavaScript

let div0 = document.querySelector('#graph0'),
    pre0 = document.querySelector('#output0'),
    width = 600,
    height = 600,
    padding = 50,
    btn0 = document.querySelector('#draw0'),
    btn1 = document.querySelector('#clear0'),
    input_r = document.querySelector('#r0'),
    input_dx = document.querySelector('#dx'),
    input_x1 = document.querySelector('#x1'),
    input_x2 = document.querySelector('#x2'),
    input_y1 = document.querySelector('#y1'),
    input_y2 = document.querySelector('#y2'),
    input_n0 = document.querySelector('#n0'),
    inputs = [input_r, input_dx, input_x1, input_x2, input_y1, input_y2],
    p = (x) => pre0.textContent += x + '\n';

let f = (x) => 1 / (1 - Math.cos(x)),
    g = (x) => -1 / Math.tan(x / 2),
    fns = [[f, 'green'],
           [g, 'blue']];

let draw = () => {
    pre0.textContent = '';

    let r = parseFloat(input_r.value),
        dx = parseFloat(input_dx.value),
        x1 = parseFloat(input_x1.value),
        x2 = parseFloat(input_x2.value),
        y1 = parseFloat(input_y1.value),
        y2 = parseFloat(input_y2.value);

    if (r === 0 || dx === 0 || x1 > x2 || y1 > y2) {
        return;
    }    
    
    let points = [],
        lines = [];

    fns
        .forEach((o) => {
            let [f, color] = o;
            for (let x = x1; x <= x2; x += dx) {
                let y = f(x);

                points.push([x, y, color]);
            }
        });
    
    let xscale = d3.scaleLinear()
        .domain([x1, x2])
        .range([padding, width - padding]);
    let yscale = d3.scaleLinear()
        .domain([y1, y2])
        .range([height - padding, padding]);

    let xaxis = d3.axisBottom().scale(xscale);
    let yaxis = d3.axisLeft().scale(yscale);
    div0.innerHTML = '';
    let svg = d3.select('#graph0')
        .append('svg')
        .attr('width', width)
        .attr('height', height);

    svg.selectAll('line')
        .data([[x1, 0, x2, 0], [0, y1, 0, y2]].concat(lines))
        .enter()
        .append('line')
        .attr('x1', (d) => xscale(d[0]))
        .attr('y1', (d) => yscale(d[1]))
        .attr('x2', (d) => xscale(d[2]))
        .attr('y2', (d) => yscale(d[3]))
        .attr('stroke', (d) => d[4] || 'black');

    svg.selectAll('circle')
        .data(points)
        .enter()
        .append('circle')
        .attr('cx', (d) => xscale(d[0]))
        .attr('cy', (d) => yscale(d[1]))
        .attr('r', r)
        .attr('fill', (d) => d[2] || 'green');

    svg.append('g')
        .attr('transform', `translate(0, ${height - padding})`)
        .call(xaxis);

    svg.append('g')
        .attr('transform', `translate(${padding}, 0)`)
        .call(yaxis);

    [fns].forEach((fs) => p(fs.join('\n')));
};

inputs.forEach((input) => input.onchange = draw);
btn0.onclick = draw;
btn1.onclick = () => pre0.textContent = '';
draw();

r = dx =
x1 = x2 =
y1 = y2 =